$fracture meaning$

$fracture meaning$

Osteomyelitis infection accounts for admission incidence of 4.8 of 100000 patients. According to the National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center, other high-ranking causes of spinal cord injury include falls and gunshot wounds. Injuries below the conus are cauda equina injuries. A spinal cord injury occurs from C1 to L2, the approximate level of the cauda equina. Trauma is the second most common cause of spine fracture, and motor vehicle accidents are the number one cause of spinal cord injury. Risk factors include female gender, osteoporosis, osteopenia, age greater than 50, history of vertebral fractures, smoking, vitamin D deficiency, and prolonged use of corticosteroids. The etiology of lower bone density can be related to smoking, alcohol abuse, lower estrogen levels, anorexia, kidney disease, medications, proton pump inhibitors, and other medications. However, trauma, cancer, chemotherapy, infection, long-term steroid use, hyperthyroidism, and radiation therapy are also known to weaken bones that can lead to compression fractures. Osteoporosis is the most common precipitating factor for vertebral fracture. While in 1994, the AO spine classification was proposed (a two-column model) but has had poor intraobserver and interobserver reliability. Three system types currently prevail in classifying traumatic fractures: the Spine Trauma Study Group developed the Subaxial Injury Classification and Severity scale (SLICS) and Thoracolumbar Injury Classification and Severity score (TLICS). The posterior column includes all the structures posterior to the PLL. The middle column includes the posterior part of the vertebral body, annulus, and posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL). The anterior column is made up of the anterior longitudinal ligament, annulus fibrosus, and the anterior part of the vertebral body. One of the first models to classify traumatic thoracolumbar fractures and pathomorphology was the three-column system of Denis. Systems evaluate spinal stability, neurological deficit, location, the extent of damage to the bony elements, and associated ligamentous complexes.

$fracture meaning$

įracture classification systems were designed to guide treatment decisions. Vertebral fractures result from improper axial loading with or without a rotational component and/or distraction/dislocation in the setting of trauma, osteoporosis, infection, metastatic, or other bone diseases. A thorough understanding of the bony and ligamentous anatomy is important when evaluating and treating a vertebral fracture. Zygapophyses (greek=yoke) or articular processes sprout off the pedicle at the laminar junction, are encased in hyaline cartilage, and depending on the degree of angulation, determine spine movement. The facet joints are covered and stabilized with a ligamentous capsule, and each body gets affixed to a disk above and below that aids in diffusing axial loads. The interspinous ligament fortifies the spinous processes. The laminae connect by the discontiguous ligamentum flavum and help preserve upright posture. Immediately posterior to the body is the posterior longitudinal ligament that runs from the tectorial membrane to the sacrum and aids in limiting flexion. Anterior to the vertebral body is the anterior longitudinal ligament that runs from the skull down to the sacrum and aids in limiting extension. Two adjacent vertebrae form the vertebral foramen between each pedicle bilaterally. The ventral body has two pedicles coming off that lead to the lamina and join dorsally to make up the spinous process.

$fracture meaning$

These bones are made up of a ventral cylinder mass of cancellous bone called the body and a dorsal vertebral cortical arch. The endplates are made of thickened cancellous bone and are responsible for providing nutrients and attachments to the disk. Cortical compact bone then covers the rest of the cancellous bone. Cancellous spongy bone fills the center and then comes together to create the superior and inferior endplates.

$fracture meaning$

The word 'vertebra' originates from the Latin word meaning 'joint or articulation' or from the word 'vertere' meaning “to turn.” Embryologically the vertebral body is formed by the fusion of adjacent sclerotomes. The vertebrae are bones in the spine joined by articulations that not only protect the spinal cord but also allow axial loading and support of the limbs.

$fracture meaning$

Fracture meaning